Imperium and Sacerdotium in Sixteenth Century Russia: the Reflections of the Starets Filofei of Pskov and Athonite Monk Maximus the Greek

Abstract. The article deals with the comparative analysis of notions on empire and priesthood (imperium et sacerdotium), depicted in two outstanding texts of the Russian bookishness of the 16th century – the Epistle on Skywatchers and Latins by Filofei of Pskov, addressed to d’jak M.G. Misyur-Munekhin and the Discourse on Instabilities of Maximus the Greek. The first text explains the idea of Moscow – the Third Rome and the role of the Russian tsar as “holder of the reins of the divine holy seats”. At the same time Rome’s universal mission, by Filofei of Pskov, is not based on the “unshakeability” of imperial power, but rather on doctrinal orthodoxy, guaranteed by fidelity to ecclesiastical canons. Discourse on Instabilities by Maximus the Greek develops this problem in another key. Taking his cue from the songs of Savonarola, Maximus the Greek represents his view on purpose of power and the role of the ecclesiastical magisterium. His reflection, however, does not develop at historical and sacramental theological level, as Filofei of Pskov does, but rather in the moral and social sphere. From this perspective, the function of the priest does not appear to be primarily in sacred, but rather prophetic domain, which prompts Maximus the Greek to expound a severe criticism of the rulers. The form of the dialogue, cogent argumentation, and implicit references to themes and concepts present in modern Western thought, illustrate the development of an original reflection urging the renewal of Eastern Christian thought. Despite their different approaches, both writers come together not only in the profusion of biblical quotations, but above all in the image of the widow in the desert, recalling the apocalyptic and eschatological dimension.

Keywords: Filofei of Pskov, Maximus the Greek, imperium, sacerdotium, Moscow the Third Rome, Apocalypses, eschatology.